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Category name :-
Philosophy
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Economists, Volume 1
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A. Singh
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Anmol Publications
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An economist is an expert in the social science of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad philosophical theories to the focused study of minutiae within specific markets, macroeconomic analysis, microeconomic analysis or financial analysis, involving analytical methods and tools such as econometrics, statistics, economics computational models, financial economics, financial mathematics and mathematical economics. The professionalization of economics, reflected in academia, has been described as “the main change in economics since around 1900.” Economists debate the path they believe their profession should take. It is, primarily, a debate between a scholastic orientation, focused on mathematical techniques, and a public discourse orientation, which is more focused on communicating to lay people pertinent economic principles as they relate to public policy. Surveys among economists indicate a preference for a shift toward the latter. However, these preferences expressed in private often differ with what is actually acted out in the public eye. Most major universities have an economics faculty, school or department, where academic degrees are awarded in economics. However, many prominent economists come from a background in mathematics, engineering, business, law, sociology, or history. Getting a PhD in economics takes six years, on average, with a median of 5.3 years.
Economists work in many fields including academia, government and in the private sector, where they may also “...study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidence levels, and consumer attitudes. They assess this information using advanced methods in statistical analysis, mathematics, computer programming [and] they make recommendations about ways to improve the efficiency of a system or take advantage of trends as they begin.”
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Economists, Volume 2
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Author: |
A. Singh
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Anmol Publications
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An economist is an expert in the social science of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad philosophical theories to the focused study of minutiae within specific markets, macroeconomic analysis, microeconomic analysis or financial analysis, involving analytical methods and tools such as econometrics, statistics, economics computational models, financial economics, financial mathematics and mathematical economics. The professionalization of economics, reflected in academia, has been described as “the main change in economics since around 1900.” Economists debate the path they believe their profession should take. It is, primarily, a debate between a scholastic orientation, focused on mathematical techniques, and a public discourse orientation, which is more focused on communicating to lay people pertinent economic principles as they relate to public policy. Surveys among economists indicate a preference for a shift toward the latter. However, these preferences expressed in private often differ with what is actually acted out in the public eye. Most major universities have an economics faculty, school or department, where academic degrees are awarded in economics. However, many prominent economists come from a background in mathematics, engineering, business, law, sociology, or history. Getting a PhD in economics takes six years, on average, with a median of 5.3 years.
Economists work in many fields including academia, government and in the private sector, where they may also “...study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidence levels, and consumer attitudes. They assess this information using advanced methods in statistical analysis, mathematics, computer programming [and] they make recommendations about ways to improve the efficiency of a system or take advantage of trends as they begin.”
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Economists, Volume 3
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Author: |
A. Singh
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Publisher: |
Anmol Publications
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An economist is an expert in the social science of economics. The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy. Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from the broad philosophical theories to the focused study of minutiae within specific markets, macroeconomic analysis, microeconomic analysis or financial analysis, involving analytical methods and tools such as econometrics, statistics, economics computational models, financial economics, financial mathematics and mathematical economics. The professionalization of economics, reflected in academia, has been described as “the main change in economics since around 1900.” Economists debate the path they believe their profession should take. It is, primarily, a debate between a scholastic orientation, focused on mathematical techniques, and a public discourse orientation, which is more focused on communicating to lay people pertinent economic principles as they relate to public policy. Surveys among economists indicate a preference for a shift toward the latter. However, these preferences expressed in private often differ with what is actually acted out in the public eye. Most major universities have an economics faculty, school or department, where academic degrees are awarded in economics. However, many prominent economists come from a background in mathematics, engineering, business, law, sociology, or history. Getting a PhD in economics takes six years, on average, with a median of 5.3 years.
Economists work in many fields including academia, government and in the private sector, where they may also “...study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidence levels, and consumer attitudes. They assess this information using advanced methods in statistical analysis, mathematics, computer programming [and] they make recommendations about ways to improve the efficiency of a system or take advantage of trends as they begin.”
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Educational Psychologists, Volume 1
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Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh
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Anmol Publications
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Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms “educational psychology” and “school psychology” are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with how students learn and develop, often focusing on subgroups such as gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities. Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology and also between Engineering and Physics. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks. To understand the characteristics of learners in childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, educational psychology develops and applies theories of human development. Often cast as stages through which people pass as they mature, developmental theories describe changes in mental abilities (cognition), social roles, moral reasoning, and beliefs about the nature of knowledge. For example, educational psychologists have researched the instructional applicability of Jean Piaget’s theory of development, according to which children mature through four stages of cognitive capability. Piaget hypothesized that children are not capable of abstract logical thought until they are older than about 11 years, and therefore younger children need to be taught using concrete objects and examples. Researchers have found that transitions, such as from concrete to abstract logical thought, do not occur at the same time in all domains. A child may be able to think abstractly about mathematics, but remain limited to concrete thought when reasoning about human relationships.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Educational Psychologists, Volume 2
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Author: |
Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh
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Anmol Publications
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Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms “educational psychology” and “school psychology” are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with how students learn and develop, often focusing on subgroups such as gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities. Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology and also between Engineering and Physics. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks. To understand the characteristics of learners in childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, educational psychology develops and applies theories of human development. Often cast as stages through which people pass as they mature, developmental theories describe changes in mental abilities (cognition), social roles, moral reasoning, and beliefs about the nature of knowledge. For example, educational psychologists have researched the instructional applicability of Jean Piaget’s theory of development, according to which children mature through four stages of cognitive capability. Piaget hypothesized that children are not capable of abstract logical thought until they are older than about 11 years, and therefore younger children need to be taught using concrete objects and examples. Researchers have found that transitions, such as from concrete to abstract logical thought, do not occur at the same time in all domains. A child may be able to think abstractly about mathematics, but remain limited to concrete thought when reasoning about human relationships.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Educational Psychologists, Volume 3
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Author: |
Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh
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Publisher: |
Anmol Publications
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Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Although the terms “educational psychology” and “school psychology” are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. Educational psychology is concerned with how students learn and develop, often focusing on subgroups such as gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities. Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology and also between Engineering and Physics. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks. To understand the characteristics of learners in childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, educational psychology develops and applies theories of human development. Often cast as stages through which people pass as they mature, developmental theories describe changes in mental abilities (cognition), social roles, moral reasoning, and beliefs about the nature of knowledge. For example, educational psychologists have researched the instructional applicability of Jean Piaget’s theory of development, according to which children mature through four stages of cognitive capability. Piaget hypothesized that children are not capable of abstract logical thought until they are older than about 11 years, and therefore younger children need to be taught using concrete objects and examples. Researchers have found that transitions, such as from concrete to abstract logical thought, do not occur at the same time in all domains. A child may be able to think abstractly about mathematics, but remain limited to concrete thought when reasoning about human relationships.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Geographists, Volume 1
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Dr. Chandra Dip Singh
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Anmol Publications
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Geography is the study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be “to describe or write about the Earth”. The first person to use the word “geography” was Eratosthenes. Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial analysis of natural and human phenomena (geography as a study of distribution), area studies (places and regions), study of man-land relationship, and research in earth sciences. Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. As “the bridge between the human and physical sciences,” geography is divided into two main branches - human geography and physical geography.
A geographist is a scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth’s physical environment and human habitat. Though geographists are historically known as people who make maps, map making is actually the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography. Geographists study not only the physical details of the environment but also its impact on human and wildlife ecologies, weather and climate patterns, economics, and culture. They are often especially focused on the spatial relationships between these elements. Physical geographists identify, analyze, and interpret the distribution and arrangement of landforms and other features of the earth’s surface. Modern geographists are often involved in resolving environmental problems. Many modern geographists are also the primary practitioners of geographic information systems and cartography. They are often employed by local, state, and federal government agencies as well as in the private sector by environmental and engineering firms.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Geographists, Volume 2
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Author: |
Dr. Chandra Dip Singh
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Publisher: |
Anmol Publications
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Geography is the study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be “to describe or write about the Earth”. The first person to use the word “geography” was Eratosthenes. Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial analysis of natural and human phenomena (geography as a study of distribution), area studies (places and regions), study of man-land relationship, and research in earth sciences. Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. As “the bridge between the human and physical sciences,” geography is divided into two main branches - human geography and physical geography.
A geographist is a scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth’s physical environment and human habitat. Though geographists are historically known as people who make maps, map making is actually the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography. Geographists study not only the physical details of the environment but also its impact on human and wildlife ecologies, weather and climate patterns, economics, and culture. They are often especially focused on the spatial relationships between these elements. Physical geographists identify, analyze, and interpret the distribution and arrangement of landforms and other features of the earth’s surface. Modern geographists are often involved in resolving environmental problems. Many modern geographists are also the primary practitioners of geographic information systems and cartography. They are often employed by local, state, and federal government agencies as well as in the private sector by environmental and engineering firms.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Geographists, Volume 3
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Author: |
Dr. Chandra Dip Singh
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Publisher: |
Anmol Publications
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Geography is the study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be “to describe or write about the Earth”. The first person to use the word “geography” was Eratosthenes. Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial analysis of natural and human phenomena (geography as a study of distribution), area studies (places and regions), study of man-land relationship, and research in earth sciences. Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the Earth and all of its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. As “the bridge between the human and physical sciences,” geography is divided into two main branches - human geography and physical geography.
A geographist is a scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth’s physical environment and human habitat. Though geographists are historically known as people who make maps, map making is actually the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography. Geographists study not only the physical details of the environment but also its impact on human and wildlife ecologies, weather and climate patterns, economics, and culture. They are often especially focused on the spatial relationships between these elements. Physical geographists identify, analyze, and interpret the distribution and arrangement of landforms and other features of the earth’s surface. Modern geographists are often involved in resolving environmental problems. Many modern geographists are also the primary practitioners of geographic information systems and cartography. They are often employed by local, state, and federal government agencies as well as in the private sector by environmental and engineering firms.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Historians, Volume 1
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Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh
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Anmol Publications
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History is the study of the past, particularly the written record of the human race, but more generally including scientific and archaeological discoveries about the past. Recently, there has been an increased interest in oral histories and traditions, passed down from generation to generation verbally. New technology, such as photography, sound recording, and motion pictures, now complement the written word in the historical record. History is a field of research producing a continuous narrative and a systematic analysis of past events of importance to the human race. Those who study history as a profession are called historians.
Since historians are simultaneously observers of and participants in the historical process, the historical works they produce are written from the perspective of their own time and sometimes with due concern for possible lessons for their own future. In the words of Benedetto Croce, “All history is contemporary history”. History is facilitated by the formation of a ‘true discourse of past’ through the production of narrative and analysis of past events relating to the human race. The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the institutional production of this discourse. All events that are remembered and preserved in some authentic form constitute the historical record. The task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which can most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of past. Therefore, the constitution of the historian’s archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Historians, Volume 2
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Author: |
Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh
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Publisher: |
Anmol Publications
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History is the study of the past, particularly the written record of the human race, but more generally including scientific and archaeological discoveries about the past. Recently, there has been an increased interest in oral histories and traditions, passed down from generation to generation verbally. New technology, such as photography, sound recording, and motion pictures, now complement the written word in the historical record. History is a field of research producing a continuous narrative and a systematic analysis of past events of importance to the human race. Those who study history as a profession are called historians.
Since historians are simultaneously observers of and participants in the historical process, the historical works they produce are written from the perspective of their own time and sometimes with due concern for possible lessons for their own future. In the words of Benedetto Croce, “All history is contemporary history”. History is facilitated by the formation of a ‘true discourse of past’ through the production of narrative and analysis of past events relating to the human race. The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the institutional production of this discourse. All events that are remembered and preserved in some authentic form constitute the historical record. The task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which can most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of past. Therefore, the constitution of the historian’s archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Historians, Volume 3
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Author: |
Dr. Sanjay Kumar Singh
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Publisher: |
Anmol Publications
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History is the study of the past, particularly the written record of the human race, but more generally including scientific and archaeological discoveries about the past. Recently, there has been an increased interest in oral histories and traditions, passed down from generation to generation verbally. New technology, such as photography, sound recording, and motion pictures, now complement the written word in the historical record. History is a field of research producing a continuous narrative and a systematic analysis of past events of importance to the human race. Those who study history as a profession are called historians.
Since historians are simultaneously observers of and participants in the historical process, the historical works they produce are written from the perspective of their own time and sometimes with due concern for possible lessons for their own future. In the words of Benedetto Croce, “All history is contemporary history”. History is facilitated by the formation of a ‘true discourse of past’ through the production of narrative and analysis of past events relating to the human race. The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the institutional production of this discourse. All events that are remembered and preserved in some authentic form constitute the historical record. The task of historical discourse is to identify the sources which can most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of past. Therefore, the constitution of the historian’s archive is a result of circumscribing a more general archive by invalidating the usage of certain texts and documents.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Management Thinkers, Volume 1
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Giri Kethraj
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Anmol Publications
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Scientific management is a theory that was popularised by Frederick Winslow Taylor, and was developed during the early part of the twentieth century. The main idea behind Scientific Management was that managers had to find the ‘one best way’ to complete a job. This was done by finding the best person, technique and tools to complete the task. There was both praise and disgust shown to the ideas. Praise came from such people as Henry Ford, who adopted Taylor’s ideas during the production of the model T, and also used the ultimate piece of Taylorite technology- the conveyor belt. Mussolini and Stalin also admired Taylor’s work. The people that opposed his ideas were mainly the employees that worked under his management. The underlying principles of Scientific Management have been available for many years, however Frederick Winslow Taylor popularised them in the early 20 century, when he defined the main elements and implications. Taylor saw it as Managements duty to decide exactly how each individual task should be completed, so that they can determine the best possible way to complete it. This may be done by analysing the way that the job is done at present, using stopwatches, and other performance measurement techniques in order to modify the method, to maximise efficiency. The task may also be broken down into its component parts, because small tasks can be repeated with ease, and are also easier to measure. The Management will also be able to use the statistics from the best employees, at present, in order to set targets, and to see how they achieve greater efficiency.
The management then devises the most efficient tool for the job. Once the best way of doing the job has been found, and the best tools for doing the job have been established, the management has to find the employees that are most suited to the job. These employees will then be given definite instructions for every task, that they will complete during the day, they should not deviate from these plans at all.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Management Thinkers, Volume 2
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Giri Kethraj
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Anmol Publications
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Scientific management is a theory that was popularised by Frederick Winslow Taylor, and was developed during the early part of the twentieth century. The main idea behind Scientific Management was that managers had to find the ‘one best way’ to complete a job. This was done by finding the best person, technique and tools to complete the task. There was both praise and disgust shown to the ideas. Praise came from such people as Henry Ford, who adopted Taylor’s ideas during the production of the model T, and also used the ultimate piece of Taylorite technology- the conveyor belt. Mussolini and Stalin also admired Taylor’s work. The people that opposed his ideas were mainly the employees that worked under his management. The underlying principles of Scientific Management have been available for many years, however Frederick Winslow Taylor popularised them in the early 20 century, when he defined the main elements and implications. Taylor saw it as Managements duty to decide exactly how each individual task should be completed, so that they can determine the best possible way to complete it. This may be done by analysing the way that the job is done at present, using stopwatches, and other performance measurement techniques in order to modify the method, to maximise efficiency. The task may also be broken down into its component parts, because small tasks can be repeated with ease, and are also easier to measure. The Management will also be able to use the statistics from the best employees, at present, in order to set targets, and to see how they achieve greater efficiency.
The management then devises the most efficient tool for the job. Once the best way of doing the job has been found, and the best tools for doing the job have been established, the management has to find the employees that are most suited to the job. These employees will then be given definite instructions for every task, that they will complete during the day, they should not deviate from these plans at all.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Management Thinkers, Volume 3
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Giri Kethraj
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Anmol Publications
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Scientific management is a theory that was popularised by Frederick Winslow Taylor, and was developed during the early part of the twentieth century. The main idea behind Scientific Management was that managers had to find the ‘one best way’ to complete a job. This was done by finding the best person, technique and tools to complete the task. There was both praise and disgust shown to the ideas. Praise came from such people as Henry Ford, who adopted Taylor’s ideas during the production of the model T, and also used the ultimate piece of Taylorite technology- the conveyor belt. Mussolini and Stalin also admired Taylor’s work. The people that opposed his ideas were mainly the employees that worked under his management. The underlying principles of Scientific Management have been available for many years, however Frederick Winslow Taylor popularised them in the early 20 century, when he defined the main elements and implications. Taylor saw it as Managements duty to decide exactly how each individual task should be completed, so that they can determine the best possible way to complete it. This may be done by analysing the way that the job is done at present, using stopwatches, and other performance measurement techniques in order to modify the method, to maximise efficiency. The task may also be broken down into its component parts, because small tasks can be repeated with ease, and are also easier to measure. The Management will also be able to use the statistics from the best employees, at present, in order to set targets, and to see how they achieve greater efficiency.
The management then devises the most efficient tool for the job. Once the best way of doing the job has been found, and the best tools for doing the job have been established, the management has to find the employees that are most suited to the job. These employees will then be given definite instructions for every task, that they will complete during the day, they should not deviate from these plans at all.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Philosophers, Volume 1
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Dr. B. K. Pandey
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Anmol Publications
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Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these questions (such as mysticism or mythology) by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument. The word philosophy is of Ancient Greek origin: philosophia, meaning “love of wisdom.” The introduction of the terms “philosopher” and “philosophy” has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (see Diogenes Laertius: “De vita et moribus philosophorum”, I, 12; Cicero: “Tusculanae disputationes”, V, 8-9. The ascription is based on a passage in a lost work of Herakleides Pontikos, a disciple of Aristotle. It is considered to be part of the widespread legends of Pythagoras of this time. “Philosopher” replaced the word “sophist” (from sophoi), which was used to describe “wise men,” teachers of rhetoric, who were important in Athenian democracy.
What did the great philosophers of the past think about the idea of God? Many of the great musicians, scientists, and leaders in history professed some belief in an all-powerful God. What about the great thinkers of philosophy? Just as in science, music, the arts, and culture, there are a large number of respected philosophers who made clear statements about their faith. Some expressed strong belief. Some expressed doubt. Others just asked questions. Looking at some of history’s most famous philosophers provides a great deal of insight into the perception of God in the world of philosophy.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Philosophers, Volume 2
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Dr. B. K. Pandey
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Anmol Publications
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Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these questions (such as mysticism or mythology) by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument. The word philosophy is of Ancient Greek origin: philosophia, meaning “love of wisdom.” The introduction of the terms “philosopher” and “philosophy” has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (see Diogenes Laertius: “De vita et moribus philosophorum”, I, 12; Cicero: “Tusculanae disputationes”, V, 8-9. The ascription is based on a passage in a lost work of Herakleides Pontikos, a disciple of Aristotle. It is considered to be part of the widespread legends of Pythagoras of this time. “Philosopher” replaced the word “sophist” (from sophoi), which was used to describe “wise men,” teachers of rhetoric, who were important in Athenian democracy.
What did the great philosophers of the past think about the idea of God? Many of the great musicians, scientists, and leaders in history professed some belief in an all-powerful God. What about the great thinkers of philosophy? Just as in science, music, the arts, and culture, there are a large number of respected philosophers who made clear statements about their faith. Some expressed strong belief. Some expressed doubt. Others just asked questions. Looking at some of history’s most famous philosophers provides a great deal of insight into the perception of God in the world of philosophy.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Philosophers, Volume 3
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Author: |
Dr. B. K. Pandey
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Anmol Publications
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Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these questions (such as mysticism or mythology) by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument. The word philosophy is of Ancient Greek origin: philosophia, meaning “love of wisdom.” The introduction of the terms “philosopher” and “philosophy” has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (see Diogenes Laertius: “De vita et moribus philosophorum”, I, 12; Cicero: “Tusculanae disputationes”, V, 8-9. The ascription is based on a passage in a lost work of Herakleides Pontikos, a disciple of Aristotle. It is considered to be part of the widespread legends of Pythagoras of this time. “Philosopher” replaced the word “sophist” (from sophoi), which was used to describe “wise men,” teachers of rhetoric, who were important in Athenian democracy.
What did the great philosophers of the past think about the idea of God? Many of the great musicians, scientists, and leaders in history professed some belief in an all-powerful God. What about the great thinkers of philosophy? Just as in science, music, the arts, and culture, there are a large number of respected philosophers who made clear statements about their faith. Some expressed strong belief. Some expressed doubt. Others just asked questions. Looking at some of history’s most famous philosophers provides a great deal of insight into the perception of God in the world of philosophy.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Philosophers, Volume 4
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Author: |
Dr. B. K. Pandey
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Publisher: |
Anmol Publications
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Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these questions (such as mysticism or mythology) by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument. The word philosophy is of Ancient Greek origin: philosophia, meaning “love of wisdom.” The introduction of the terms “philosopher” and “philosophy” has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (see Diogenes Laertius: “De vita et moribus philosophorum”, I, 12; Cicero: “Tusculanae disputationes”, V, 8-9. The ascription is based on a passage in a lost work of Herakleides Pontikos, a disciple of Aristotle. It is considered to be part of the widespread legends of Pythagoras of this time. “Philosopher” replaced the word “sophist” (from sophoi), which was used to describe “wise men,” teachers of rhetoric, who were important in Athenian democracy.
What did the great philosophers of the past think about the idea of God? Many of the great musicians, scientists, and leaders in history professed some belief in an all-powerful God. What about the great thinkers of philosophy? Just as in science, music, the arts, and culture, there are a large number of respected philosophers who made clear statements about their faith. Some expressed strong belief. Some expressed doubt. Others just asked questions. Looking at some of history’s most famous philosophers provides a great deal of insight into the perception of God in the world of philosophy.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Philosophers, Volume 5
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Author: |
Dr. B. K. Pandey
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Publisher: |
Anmol Publications
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Price: |
N/A
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N/A
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Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing these questions (such as mysticism or mythology) by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on reasoned argument. The word philosophy is of Ancient Greek origin: philosophia, meaning “love of wisdom.” The introduction of the terms “philosopher” and “philosophy” has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (see Diogenes Laertius: “De vita et moribus philosophorum”, I, 12; Cicero: “Tusculanae disputationes”, V, 8-9. The ascription is based on a passage in a lost work of Herakleides Pontikos, a disciple of Aristotle. It is considered to be part of the widespread legends of Pythagoras of this time. “Philosopher” replaced the word “sophist” (from sophoi), which was used to describe “wise men,” teachers of rhetoric, who were important in Athenian democracy.
What did the great philosophers of the past think about the idea of God? Many of the great musicians, scientists, and leaders in history professed some belief in an all-powerful God. What about the great thinkers of philosophy? Just as in science, music, the arts, and culture, there are a large number of respected philosophers who made clear statements about their faith. Some expressed strong belief. Some expressed doubt. Others just asked questions. Looking at some of history’s most famous philosophers provides a great deal of insight into the perception of God in the world of philosophy.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Political Thinkers, Volume 1
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Author: |
Dr. Ravi Kant Dubey
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Publisher: |
Anmol Publications
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Political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal state. In each historic period and in almost every geographic area, we can find someone studying politics and increasing political understanding. In ancient India, the antecedents of politics can be traced back to the Rig-Veda, Samhitas, Brahmanas, and Buddhist Pali Canon. Chanakya was a professor of political science at Takshashila University, and later the Prime Minister of Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Chanakya is regarded as one of the earliest political thinkers, and is also known as the Indian Machiavelli. He wrote the Arthashastra, which was one of the earliest treatises on political thought, economics and social order, and can be considered a precursor to Machiavelli’s The Prince. It discusses monetary and fiscal policies, welfare, international relations, and war strategies in detail, among other topics on political science. The ancient Tamil literary work Thirukural written 2000 years ago has extensively dealt with political science. The topics discussed by Thirukural include the art of public administration, warfare, political diplomacy, civil society, espionage, qualifications for public office, public revenue and financial administration and local administration. The antecedents of Western politics can also trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analysed political systems, abstracted their analysis from more literary- and historyoriented studies and applied an approach we would understand as closer to philosophy. Similarly, Aristotle built upon Plato’s analysis to include historical empirical evidence in his analysis. During the height of the Roman Empire, famous historians such as Polybius, Livy and Plutarch documented the rise of the Roman Republic, and the organization and histories of other nations, while statesmen like Julius Caesar, Cicero and others provided us with examples of the politics of the republic and Rome’s empire and wars. The study of politics during this age was oriented toward understanding history, understanding methods of governing, and describing the operation of governments. With the fall of the Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action. Works such as Augustine of Hippo’s The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity, redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespread in the churches and courts. Most of the political questions surrounding the relationship between church and state were clarified and contested in this period. In the Middle East and later other Islamic areas, works such as the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam and Epic of Kings by Ferdowsi provided evidence of political analysis, while the Islamic Aristotelians such as Avicenna and later Maimonides and Averroes, continued Aristotle’s tradition of analysis and empiricism, writing commentaries on Aristotle’s works. During the Italian Renaissance, Niccolo Machiavelli established the emphasis of modern political science on direct empirical observation of political institutions and actors. Later, the expansion of the scientific paradigm during the Enlightenment further pushed the study of politics beyond normative determinations.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Political Thinkers, Volume 2
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Author: |
Dr. Ravi Kant Dubey
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Publisher: |
Anmol Publications
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Price: |
N/A
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Political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal state. In each historic period and in almost every geographic area, we can find someone studying politics and increasing political understanding. In ancient India, the antecedents of politics can be traced back to the Rig-Veda, Samhitas, Brahmanas, and Buddhist Pali Canon. Chanakya was a professor of political science at Takshashila University, and later the Prime Minister of Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Chanakya is regarded as one of the earliest political thinkers, and is also known as the Indian Machiavelli. He wrote the Arthashastra, which was one of the earliest treatises on political thought, economics and social order, and can be considered a precursor to Machiavelli’s The Prince. It discusses monetary and fiscal policies, welfare, international relations, and war strategies in detail, among other topics on political science. The ancient Tamil literary work Thirukural written 2000 years ago has extensively dealt with political science. The topics discussed by Thirukural include the art of public administration, warfare, political diplomacy, civil society, espionage, qualifications for public office, public revenue and financial administration and local administration. The antecedents of Western politics can also trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analysed political systems, abstracted their analysis from more literary- and historyoriented studies and applied an approach we would understand as closer to philosophy. Similarly, Aristotle built upon Plato’s analysis to include historical empirical evidence in his analysis. During the height of the Roman Empire, famous historians such as Polybius, Livy and Plutarch documented the rise of the Roman Republic, and the organization and histories of other nations, while statesmen like Julius Caesar, Cicero and others provided us with examples of the politics of the republic and Rome’s empire and wars. The study of politics during this age was oriented toward understanding history, understanding methods of governing, and describing the operation of governments. With the fall of the Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action. Works such as Augustine of Hippo’s The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity, redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespread in the churches and courts. Most of the political questions surrounding the relationship between church and state were clarified and contested in this period. In the Middle East and later other Islamic areas, works such as the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam and Epic of Kings by Ferdowsi provided evidence of political analysis, while the Islamic Aristotelians such as Avicenna and later Maimonides and Averroes, continued Aristotle’s tradition of analysis and empiricism, writing commentaries on Aristotle’s works. During the Italian Renaissance, Niccolo Machiavelli established the emphasis of modern political science on direct empirical observation of political institutions and actors. Later, the expansion of the scientific paradigm during the Enlightenment further pushed the study of politics beyond normative determinations.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Political Thinkers, Volume 3
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Author: |
Dr. Ravi Kant Dubey
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Publisher: |
Anmol Publications
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Price: |
N/A
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Discount: |
N/A
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Political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal state. In each historic period and in almost every geographic area, we can find someone studying politics and increasing political understanding. In ancient India, the antecedents of politics can be traced back to the Rig-Veda, Samhitas, Brahmanas, and Buddhist Pali Canon. Chanakya was a professor of political science at Takshashila University, and later the Prime Minister of Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Chanakya is regarded as one of the earliest political thinkers, and is also known as the Indian Machiavelli. He wrote the Arthashastra, which was one of the earliest treatises on political thought, economics and social order, and can be considered a precursor to Machiavelli’s The Prince. It discusses monetary and fiscal policies, welfare, international relations, and war strategies in detail, among other topics on political science. The ancient Tamil literary work Thirukural written 2000 years ago has extensively dealt with political science. The topics discussed by Thirukural include the art of public administration, warfare, political diplomacy, civil society, espionage, qualifications for public office, public revenue and financial administration and local administration. The antecedents of Western politics can also trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analysed political systems, abstracted their analysis from more literary- and historyoriented studies and applied an approach we would understand as closer to philosophy. Similarly, Aristotle built upon Plato’s analysis to include historical empirical evidence in his analysis. During the height of the Roman Empire, famous historians such as Polybius, Livy and Plutarch documented the rise of the Roman Republic, and the organization and histories of other nations, while statesmen like Julius Caesar, Cicero and others provided us with examples of the politics of the republic and Rome’s empire and wars. The study of politics during this age was oriented toward understanding history, understanding methods of governing, and describing the operation of governments. With the fall of the Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action. Works such as Augustine of Hippo’s The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity, redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespread in the churches and courts. Most of the political questions surrounding the relationship between church and state were clarified and contested in this period. In the Middle East and later other Islamic areas, works such as the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam and Epic of Kings by Ferdowsi provided evidence of political analysis, while the Islamic Aristotelians such as Avicenna and later Maimonides and Averroes, continued Aristotle’s tradition of analysis and empiricism, writing commentaries on Aristotle’s works. During the Italian Renaissance, Niccolo Machiavelli established the emphasis of modern political science on direct empirical observation of political institutions and actors. Later, the expansion of the scientific paradigm during the Enlightenment further pushed the study of politics beyond normative determinations.
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Scientists, Volume 1
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Author: |
Dr. Udai Arvind
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Publisher: |
Anmol Publications
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A scientist, in the broadest sense, refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices and traditions that are linked to schools of thought or philosophy. In a more restricted sense, scientist refers to individuals who use the scientific method. The person may be an expert in one or more areas of science. This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word. Historically, scientists were termed “natural philosophers” or “men of science”; they were men of knowledge. Science and philosophy were roughly synonymous. William Whewell coined the term scientist in 1833 to describe an expert in the study of nature, but this term did not gain wide acceptance until the turn of the 20th century. By the twentieth century, the modern notion of science as a special brand of information about the world, practiced by a distinct group and pursued through a unique method, was essentially in place. An early scientific method which emphasized experimentation was first used by the Iraqi Muslim Arab physicist and polymath Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), circa 1021 AD, in his Book of Optics, and he has been described as the “first scientist” for this reason.
There are notable examples of people who have moved back and forth among disciplines. Such polymaths were common during the Islamic Golden Age and European Renaissance. Many of these early polymath scientists were also religious priests and theologians: for example, the polymath scientists Alhazen and al-Biruni were mutakallimiin; the polymath physician Avicenna was a hafiz; the polymath physician Ibn al-Nafis was a hafiz, muhaddith and ulema; the astronomer and physician Nicolaus Copernicus was a priest; and Gregor Mendel, whose discoveries on inheritance founded modern genetics and provides a mechanism to explain Charles Darwin’s observations about evolution, was also a priest. Descartes was not only a pioneer of analytic geometry but formulated a theory of mechanics and advanced ideas about the origins of animal movement and perception. Vision interested the physicists Young and Helmholtz, who also studied optics, hearing and music. Newton extended Descartes’ mathematics by inventing calculus (contemporaneously with Leibniz).
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Encyclopaedic Biography of World Great Scientists, Volume 2
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Author: |
Dr. Udai Arvind
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Publisher: |
Anmol Publications
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Price: |
N/A
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Discount: |
N/A
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A scientist, in the broadest sense, refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices and traditions that are linked to schools of thought or philosophy. In a more restricted sense, scientist refers to individuals who use the scientific method. The person may be an expert in one or more areas of science. This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word. Historically, scientists were termed “natural philosophers” or “men of science”; they were men of knowledge. Science and philosophy were roughly synonymous. William Whewell coined the term scientist in 1833 to describe an expert in the study of nature, but this term did not gain wide acceptance until the turn of the 20th century. By the twentieth century, the modern notion of science as a special brand of information about the world, practiced by a distinct group and pursued through a unique method, was essentially in place. An early scientific method which emphasized experimentation was first used by the Iraqi Muslim Arab physicist and polymath Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), circa 1021 AD, in his Book of Optics, and he has been described as the “first scientist” for this reason.
There are notable examples of people who have moved back and forth among disciplines. Such polymaths were common during the Islamic Golden Age and European Renaissance. Many of these early polymath scientists were also religious priests and theologians: for example, the polymath scientists Alhazen and al-Biruni were mutakallimiin; the polymath physician Avicenna was a hafiz; the polymath physician Ibn al-Nafis was a hafiz, muhaddith and ulema; the astronomer and physician Nicolaus Copernicus was a priest; and Gregor Mendel, whose discoveries on inheritance founded modern genetics and provides a mechanism to explain Charles Darwin’s observations about evolution, was also a priest. Descartes was not only a pioneer of analytic geometry but formulated a theory of mechanics and advanced ideas about the origins of animal movement and perception. Vision interested the physicists Young and Helmholtz, who also studied optics, hearing and music. Newton extended Descartes’ mathematics by inventing calculus (contemporaneously with Leibniz).
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